Migraine

Migraine is caused by abnormal brain activity involving nerve pathways and neurochemicals that affect blood flow in the brain and surrounding tissues. The exact chain of events is still not fully understood.

**Who it affects:** Migraines are more common in women than men, often run in families, and typically first appear between ages 10 and 45.

**Triggers** vary by person but commonly include: - Alcohol, stress, and anxiety - Strong odours or perfumes - Bright lights or loud noise - Caffeine withdrawal - Hormonal changes (menstrual cycle, birth control) - Changes in sleep patterns or missed meals - Certain foods: aged cheese, processed meats, chocolate, MSG-containing foods, red wine, citrus fruits, avocado

**Aura:** About one-third of people with migraines experience an aura 10–15 minutes (sometimes up to 24 hours) before the headache — temporary visual disturbances such as blind spots, zigzag lines, or tunnel vision. Not every migraine is preceded by an aura.

**Headache phase:** Throbbing or pounding pain, usually worse on one side, lasting 6–48 hours. Often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, fatigue, chills, and difficulty concentrating.

**Post-migraine ("hangover"):** Mental fogginess, neck pain, and increased need for sleep can persist after the headache resolves.

There is no specific cure for migraine. The goals are to treat attacks quickly and to prevent them by avoiding triggers.